Android Hello World Example

Let us start actual programming with Android Framework. Before you start writing your first example using Android SDK, you have to make sure that you have setup your Android development environment properly as explained in Android - Environment Setup tutorial. I also assume that you have a little bit working knowledge with Eclipse IDE.

So let us proceed to write a simple Android Application which will print "Hello World!".

Create Android Application

The first step is to create a simple Android Application using Eclipse IDE. Follow the option File -> New -> Project and finally selectAndroid New Application wizard from the wizard list. Now name your application as HelloWorldusing the wizard window as follows:

Next, follow the instructions provided and keep al other entries as default till the final step. Once your project is created successfully, you will have following project screen:

Anatomy of Android Application

Before you run your app, you should be aware of a few directories and files in the Android project:

S.N.

Folder, File & Description

1

src
This contains the .java source files for your project. By default, it includes anMainActivity.java source file having an activity class that runs when your app is launched using the app icon.

2

gen
This contains the .R file, a compiler-generated file that references all the resources found in your project. You should not modify this file.

3

bin
This folder contains the Android package files .apkbuilt by the ADT during the build process and everything else needed to run an Android application.

4

res/drawable-hdpi
This is a directory for drawable objects that are designed for high-density screens.

5

res/layout
This is a directory for files that define your app's user interface.

6

res/values
This is a directory for other various XML files that contain a collection of resources, such as strings and colors definitions.

7

AndroidManifest.xml
This is the manifest file which describes the fundamental characteristics of the app and defines each of its components.

Following section will give a brief overview few of the important application files.

The Main Activity File

The main activity code is a Java fileMainActivity.java. This is the actual application file which ultimately gets converted to a Dalvik executable and runs your application. Following is the default code generated by the application wizard for Hello World! application:

package com.example.helloworld; import android.os.Bundle; import android.app.Activity; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuItem; import android.support.v4.app.NavUtils; public class MainActivity extends Activity { @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.activity_main, menu); return true; } }

Here, R.layout.activity_main refers to the activity_main.xml file located in the res/layout folder. TheonCreate() method is one of many methods that are fi red when an activity is loaded.

The Manifest File

Whatever component you develop as a part of your application, you must declare all its components in a manifest file calledAndroidManifest.xml which ressides at the root of the application project directory. This file works as an interface between Android OS and your application, so if you do not declare your component in this file, then it will not be considered by the OS. For example, a default manifest file will look like as following file:

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="com.example.helloworld" android:versionCode="1" android:versionName="1.0" > <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="8" android:targetSdkVersion="15" /> <application android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher" android:label="@string/app_name" android:theme="@style/AppTheme" > <activity android:name=".MainActivity" android:label="@string/title_activity_main" > <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/> </intent-filter> </activity> </application> </manifest>

Here <application>...</application> tags enclosed the components related to the application. Attributeandroid:icon will point to the application icon available underres/drawable-hdpi. The application uses the image named ic_launcher.png located in the drawable folders

The <activity> tag is used to specify an activity and android:nameattribute specifies the fully qualified class name of the Activitysubclass and the android:labelattributes specifies a string to use as the label for the activity. You can specify multiple activities using <activity> tags.

The action for the intent filter is named android.intent.action.MAINto indicate that this activity serves as the entry point for the application. The category for the intent-filter is namedandroid.intent.category.LAUNCHERto indicate that the application can be launched from the device's launcher icon.

The @string refers to thestrings.xml file explained below. Hence, @string/app_name refers to the app_name string defined in the strings.xml fi le, which is "HelloWorld". Similar way, other strings get populated in the application.

Following is the list of tags which you will use in your manifest file to specify different Android application components:

<activity>elements for activities

<service> elements for services

<receiver> elements for broadcast receivers

<provider> elements for content providers

The Strings File

The strings.xml file is located in the res/values folder and it contains all the text that your application uses. For example, the names of buttons, labels, default text, and similar types of strings go into this file. This file is responsible for their textual content. For example, a default strings file will look like as following file:

<resources> <string name="app_name">HelloWorld</string> <string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string> <string name="menu_settings">Settings</string> <string name="title_activity_main">MainActivity</string> </resources>

The R File

Thegen/com.example.helloworld/R.javafile is the glue between the activity Java files like MainActivity.javaand the resources like strings.xml. It is an automatically generated file and you should not modify the content of the R.java file. Following is a sample of R.java file:

/* AUTO-GENERATED FILE. DO NOT MODIFY. * * This class was automatically generated by the * aapt tool from the resource data it found. It * should not be modified by hand. */ package com.example.helloworld; public final class R { public static final class attr { } public static final class dimen { public static final int padding_large=0x7f040002; public static final int padding_medium=0x7f040001; public static final int padding_small=0x7f040000; } public static final class drawable { public static final int ic_action_search=0x7f020000; public static final int ic_launcher=0x7f020001; } public static final class id { public static final int menu_settings=0x7f080000; } public static final class layout { public static final int activity_main=0x7f030000; } public static final class menu { public static final int activity_main=0x7f070000; } public static final class string { public static final int app_name=0x7f050000; public static final int hello_world=0x7f050001; public static final int menu_settings=0x7f050002; public static final int title_activity_main=0x7f050003; } public static final class style { public static final int AppTheme=0x7f060000; } }

The Layout File

The activity_main.xml is a layout file available in res/layoutdirectory, that is referenced by your application when building its interface. You will modify this file very frequently to change the layout of your application. For your "Hello World!" application, this file will have following content related to default layout:

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" > <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" android:layout_centerVertical="true" android:padding="@dimen/padding_medium" android:text="@string/hello_world" tools:context=".MainActivity" /> </RelativeLayout>

This is an example of simpleRelativeLayout which we will study in a separate chapter. TheTextView is an Android control used to build the GUI and it have various attribuites likeandroid:layout_width,android:layout_height etc which are being used to set its width and height etc. The @string refers to the strings.xml file located in the res/values folder. Hence, @string/hello_world refers to the hello string defined in the strings.xml fi le, which is "Hello World!".

Running the Application

Let's try to run our Hello World!application we just created. I assume you had created your AVDwhile doing environment setup. To run the app from Eclipse, open one of your project's activity files and click Run icon from the toolbar. Eclipse installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your setup and application, it will display Emulator window.

Congratulations!!! You have developed your first Andoid Application and now just keep following rest of the tutorial step by step to become a great Android Developer. All the very best.